MAC Cosmetic Strategic Plan

Executive summary The paper analyzes the MAC Cosmetic business strategic plan. The paper has also analyzed the strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats of MAC Company. In addition to that, it strengths and weakness have been compared to its competitors. Moreover, recommendations have been provided to ensure effective execution of the business strategic plan.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on MAC Cosmetic Strategic Plan specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Introduction Background Information MAC also referred to as Make-up-Art Cosmetics, is a highly distinct corporation. The business strategies and founding principles of MAC are extremely simple yet very effective in terms of contributing to the success of the company. Mac does not utilize business schemes that are fancy. In addition to that, it is greatly concerned with its consumers. In the initial stages, the company struggled to establish itself. However, at the moment it has gained momentum and it is now a multimillion-dollar enterprise. Furthermore, the company is growing rapidly and has some of the most demanded and popular cosmetics present in the market environment. MAC as a company is remarkably dynamic and produces various products such as hair care, skin care, cosmetics and beauty products. These products are meant for everyone such as the young or old, conservative or trendy, poor or rich, male or female. Given the fact that the company has the ability to easily expand to various locations, the company does not advocate for the idea of expanding. This is because the company believes that, for purposes of maintaining high quality levels, remaining in control is the key to the company success (Anonymous. Fragrance Wholesome, 2012) MAC cosmetics were created with an extremely creative vision. The vision aim was to fill the existing gap between fashion photography and makeup artistry. In order to meet the increasing demand of b eauty and entertainment professionals, Frank Toskan, a fashion photographer and Frank Angelo a salon chain owner, launched in 1985 a fashion frontward line in Toronto. Long before MAC company history, the founders of MAC cosmetics (Toskan and Angelo) diverted their product line towards the fashion and beauty professionals industry that relied heavily on cake makeup, heavy cosmetics and stage makeup. This was done in order to create the visual effects required to endure bright light during their shooting of photos.† Who better rise up to this demand than a fashion photographer†. With a product line that is celebrity endorsed and a glamorous image, MAC cosmetics takes the lead in the beauty industry (Machalack, 2012, p.1).Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Revenue, Global Reach and Company Size Estee Lauder in 1998 bought MAC and helped the company grow globally . Estee Launder generates 6.3billion dollars yearly between their twenty-five distinct brands. MAC is responsible for one hundred and sixty million of the revenue generated by Estee Lauder. Currently, MAC has over one thousand stores and is present in sixty seven countries around the globe (Anonymous, MAC Capaign, 2012) Strategic Options for MAC Cosmetic For the company to remain significant in the highly competitive market, it has to utilize the following modeling tools: Balanced Score Card and SWOT analysis. A SWOT analysis of the company helps in bringing out the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats to the company as illustrated below MAC SWOT Analysis Strengths Its products are made for all races, sexes and ages Named number two as Forbs† America’s most Admired Company† Its brand name is already known in the Market Cruelty-free Weakness The prices are high than some individuals can afford   Its only the professionals that can access their PRO colors Opportunities Boosting experiences in online shopping Ability to expand internationally- Brazil and India. For instance, the company is working on foundations and blushes in order to fit specifically the Indian Skin tone Exhibit free standing stores in comparison to spots located in departmental stores Threats Increased rate of competition as numerous companies have lip palette and Eye Shadow combinations continuously each season There exist questions on whether their online shopping boost would take over their well-known personal service. Solutions for Each SWOT Analysis Make-Up Art Cosmetic has more strength compared to weakness. The direction being pursued by the Company is quite promising to a future increase in both of its finances and brand name. The company can utilize this increment to their advantage such as creating more demanded products such as lip shade palettes and or/ eye shadows. Despite the MAC Company made for makeup artist, it is being sold to Estee Lauder and the general public. In that case, the MAC owners need to keep their statement in mind† Wanting to touch everyone.† Their major competitor, NARS, a make-up Art Cosmetics won the competition because when they sell their products to consumers, the consumers feel like they are achieving more. In addition to that, they like the compactness of NARS. Given the fact that online shopping creates a great opportunity for the MAC Company, it can also be a great threat to their personal services that are pampering in nature. MAC customers have the urge of purchasing the company’s products online; however, they might also need to try first the product. For instance, majority of individuals often want to try Make Up products to find out if they actually blend with their skin. Similarly, it is mandatory for them to confirm if a product is suitable for their skin. The company should go ahead and promote their online store. However, MAC should continue promotin g celebrity posters on their standing stores that are free for purposes of keeping their personal experience celebrated by its consumers (Joines, 2009, P.12). Balance Score Card A balance scorecard is a management and strategic planning system utilized to align the business activities to an organization vision statement.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on MAC Cosmetic Strategic Plan specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Ideally, balance scorecard tries to translate pious and vague hopes of a company’s mission statement/ vision into practicalities of effectively and efficiently managing the business. Therefore, through the use of a balance scorecard, MAC Company needs to look at the following areas in order to improve these areas. As a matter of fact, these areas are seldom exhaustive and in most cases are specific to a company. Department Areas Finance Investment returns Cash flow Return on employed C apital Financial Results(Yearly, quarterly) Internal processes of a business Number of activities per function Across functions duplicate activities Alignment of processes( is the right process being carried in the right department) Process automation Process bottlenecks Growth and Learning Are there expertise needed for the job? Turnover of employees Job satisfaction Learning/ Training opportunities Customer Customer performance delivery Quality performance for clients Market customer percentage Retention rate of customers Once MAC has analyzed its quantifiable and specific outcomes of the above, it should be ready to use the approach of the balanced scorecard in order to improve the deficient areas. Moreover, the metric in place must be specific, achievable, measurable, timely and reliable. This is because an organization cannot improve on what it cannot measure. Generally, the four perspectives of Balanced Scorecard approach are customer, internal business processes, growth and learning and financial. MAC company effective balance scorecard implementation would result in the following: educated/motivated employees, improved processes, information systems that are enhanced, greater customer satisfaction, monitored progress and increased financial utilization (Anonymous. Balance scorecard. N.d) Comparative understanding of the weakness and strength of MAC Cosmetics with its competitors (Revlon L’Oreal†) Currently, the cosmetic industry is in a flux state. Traditional brands such as L’Oreal and Revlon are perceived by customers as being old. In that case, the customers are looking forward to a more healing and holistic benefits from the skin care products. The consumers are no longer contented with the traditional brands thus making it a great challenge to Revlon L’Oreal products. The MAC Cosmetics has been able to supply consumers with awareness of natural and cruelty free products. This has impacted greatly on the knowledge of the consumers. The consumers have become more inquisitive about the benefits of MAC personal care products. MAC Cosmetics protects its consumers from damaging rays of the sun, moisturizing their skin and reducing aging effects. The major limitation with MAC cosmetics is that, it has a great demand, but there is no supply. Whereas the MAC cosmetics are highly demanded than those of its competitors, it has been hectic to find out discounted products (Vasen 2007, p.1). In addition to that, outside United States, there are no media advertisements and most of the people are not aware of MAC products advantages and benefits. According to statics, the effective way of getting MAC products information is via referrals (Bates, 2006, p.2). Given the fact that there is lack of MAC products promotional campaigns with absence of free samples, the company relies majorly on their existing customers to distribute information about their products.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the light of the above, L’ Oreal is a company known internationally and their products are sold everywhere in the globe. Nevertheless, its products are distributed around the globe depending on the economical, social and cultural factors as the demand of women are quite distinct from each other. In addition to that, it offers a variety of products to various countries in order to fulfill the needs of all women. Unlike MAC, L’ Oreal expenses of advertising are fairly high. This is because the company believes that it can only increase its profits via advertising (Uzun 2010, p.1). Just like L’Oreal, Revlon products are sold all over the globe and marketed under various brand names. Their products are meant to satisfy specific needs of the consumers. Creating Options for the Future Organization Strategy The most important thing is to assess the external context of the company, clustering and prioritizing threats and opportunities, developing strategic options, r ating the options in terms of their significance and implementing them. MAC external context Current Legal, economic conditions and regulatory issues Estee Lauders are expanding their niche in countries that are foreign. This has triggered the issue of foreign exchange, interest rates and each and every country individual issue including war and terrorism. In the year 2008, the interest rates for Estee Lauder contracts were thirty-one million dollars. Furthermore, it had a currency forward contract of one million dollars in which the most competitive currency was the Euro’s. Various consequences pose a threat to the establishing up of brand new stores in the Middle East. The threats are such as retaliation and terrorist attack. On the contrary, according to 2008 Estee Lauders annual fiscal report, the sales had increased by 20% in the Middle East and approximately half of the stores net sales emerged from foreign countries. The increased profits were as a result of increased urge of people and their ability to have their personal pampering. In consideration to these sales increase, The Make-up Art Cosmetics (MAC) exhibit an opinion that is optimistic of the economy in its present condition. With this in mind, MAC has been able to expand both regionally and financially (Joines, 2009, p.10). Importance of technology advancement Even though MAC has succeeded tremendously by their word-of –mouth strategy, their online environment boosting will help in improving their sales. With a wide recognition of its brand, MAC should exhibit a positive name and more capability of having wide variety of freestanding stores. Given the fact that MAC is recognized widely by word-of-mouth, channeling more concentration to online will be of great advantage for the company promotional aspects. With more available online shopping, the company will have to incur more advertising expenses. Nevertheless, it should be viewed as a Make-up Art Cosmetic investment (Joines, 200 9, p.11). MAC strategic options Strategies that are effective have an industry and a company point of view. They aid an organization in making fundamental choices and communicating them for purposes of aligning resources appropriately. The MAC company strategic options will be business growth and emphasis on competition. Business growth will help in answering various questions such as, how will MAC as a company generate new growth? At what point will the value chain of MAC â€Å"anchor† and create internal capabilities that supersede those of its competitors? On the other hand, emphasis on competition will help in finding solutions to the questions such as, how will MAC as a company distinct itself in the eyes of its client? Company leaders, who channel their investments to principal competences that align themselves to strategy, help in building market value. As a result, investors will have more confidence in the company. Since they believe the strategy will be executed by the company and deliver earnings in the future. In terms of relevance, identifying a growth strategy comes fast. The growth strategy consists of product service, market/ customer, production capacity, technology and distribution. It is only after a company has chosen its growth option that it can identify its competitive emphasis. This is where the company finds out the tactics to use in order to differentiate themselves in their customer’s eyes. There exist five principal ways in which a company can differentiate itself. These are such as low cost provider, speed, quality, innovation and service (â€Å"Strategic Options†). Suitable structure for MAC Cosmetic The organization design essence is to manipulate various parameters that determine coordination achievement and division of labor. Keeping in mind the needs of the organization of MAC, there is need for a matrix organizational structure that focuses on grouping by functions and the market. This structure will enha nce the MAC company end markets. Furthermore, given the significance of the workflow interdependencies, and the company cannot handle them easily via the use of standardization, using of this structure will highly favor grouping market bases for purposes of encouraging adjustments that are mutual and direct supervision. Through the adoption of the matrix organization structure, the MAC will benefit because, projects cost will be minimized and principal people can easily be shared. The structure minimizes conflict and those in need of referrals that are hierarchical can be resolved easily. It ensures effective balance between performance, cost and time, sharing of responsibility and authority made easier, enhances rapid decentralization of decisions, improved access to a wide range of perspectives and skills that are diverse, improved regional and global projects, increased coordination and communication across the business and lastly reflects the regional customer needs (Scholz 2008 , p.248-249). Criteria for reviewing potential options for a strategy plan For purposes of reviewing organizational structure and management strategy potential options and the environment, MAC Company must make sure that the perfect strategy considers clearly the size and age of the organization, environment and technical system and the governing framework. The structure should elaborate its structure clearly. The prospective strategy should shun technical uncertainties, it should provide to the employees the operation and production strategy which proves to be efficient. In addition to that, it should be free of uncertainty strategically. MAC pressure to come up with products that meets the demands of the customer is so high hence the management strategy proposed should ensure the problems and bottlenecks are dealt with appropriately rather than basing on future conditions analysis. As a matter of fact, new strategy implementation costs an organization millions hence the organizati onal stakeholders should ensure that they reduce the costs of operation and improve on the organization efficiency. For the development of the organization, MAC cosmetics should always undergo a significant change at distinct points in their development. Change management comprises of sensitive implementation and thoughtful planning and the ones mentioned above. It is vital for the company to consult with stakeholders affected by the changes. If MAC forces change on its stakeholders, problems will definitely arise. Organization change must be measurable, achievable and realistic(Huselid, 2005, p.134). In summary, MAC can utilize templates to come up with several principal strategies that can help in addressing the objectives of the organization. Of great significance, the strategies are created based on stakeholder’s inputs, operation and business analysis. A detailed strategic plan that include implication of resources Management strategy is an analysis that is systematic of the factors correlated with internal and external environment. The analysis provides the foundation for rethinking the management practices that are current. The principal objective of a strategic plan is to achieve a perfect alignment of strategic priorities and corporate policies. In the case of MAC, the principal significant points of the agreed strategies that were proposed were concerned with the â€Å"Love YOUR LIPS† campaign. Lipstick has often been viewed as a form of refinement. The LOVE YOUR LIPS â€Å"campaign focuses on a variety of lipstick styles, techniques and looks. The ad campaigns strive to increase MAC customer sales target market. Additionally, it aims to reach a potential group of customers that are untapped. Resource implications The principal components of any strategic plan consist of discussions or analyses of the below named resource implication (Hankin, 2005, p.111-113) Capacity requirements and Human capital: The human skills and capacity needed for strategy implementation, potential and current sources of these resources. Moreover, other capacity such as management structures, internal systems and a legal framework that is supportive is also needed. Financial requirements: The required funding to implement the management strategy proposed, potential and current sources for the funds, funding gaps and the most crucial resource Risk assessment and management strategy: The existing risks and how they can be addressed by the company Estimate of the lifespan of the project, sustainability and its exit strategy: This addresses issues such as how long the stand strategy will be implemented, the time it will take for the strategy to be modified and why if it is only feasible to modify it and how the strategy will ensure corporate objective achievements sustainability. Strategic plan management can only be viewed as complete when the discussed components have been clearly defined in broad terms. As the projects heads to implementa tion, majority of these components are tested in reality and defined deeply. Comparing Core organization values with current business objectives of MAC Cosmetics MAC cosmetic exhibits a significant position on social and corporate responsibility. Furthermore, the business public image is greatly supported as a result of distinct environments. MAC is â€Å"cruelty-free† as it does not use animals as their guinea pig when testing their products. They utilize simple white and black packaging that are recyclable. In addition to that, they advocate for recycling practices with the aid of â€Å"Black-to-Mac† program. Customers are often given a free lipstick in exchange of their returned six blank containers. In comparison to other multinational companies, MAC prices are quite good without empty promises. For instance, miracle creams that reduces an individual’s age. MAC Cosmetics is in the forefront supporting the fight against AIDS with the use of† Viva Glam,à ¢â‚¬  the company’s popular lipstick (Anonymous. Ethics and social responsibility, 2012). MAC environment comprises of all factors that affects the way decision are made within an organization. Therefore, they encompass the forces that can trigger an impact in the organization. Ideally, forces are made up of threats and opportunities which can be divided into external and internal environment. The internal environment comprises of the management team and the shareholders. The external environment constitutes all the outside forces and institutions that the real potential, impact or interest on the ability of the organization to achieve its competitive objective lies. The principal objectives of MAC company are as follows: to increase its yearly sales by at least 15% in 2012 in comparison to 2011. In addition to that, it aims to increase its customer involvement in the year 2012 by 20% and also to diversify their brands by renewing the perception of customers on the company b y 15% or higher. It is evident that the objectives perfectly align with the company core values. Through their involvement in social corporate responsibilities and other ethical issues, the company will enhance their revenues and customer perception. Vision and Mission Statement for MAC Company Mission statement (â€Å"LOVE YOUR LIPS†) The campaign on â€Å"LOVE YOUR LIPS† has been designed for purposes of expanding the image of MAC in the cosmetic industry with a commitment that is continuous to high service, customer satisfaction and service, through the sales and advertisement of MAC lipstick. Vision: To be the leading makeup professional authority in the world among both professional consumers and makeup artist whilst embracing the MAC credo of all age categories, sexes and races. Agreed future objectives of the organization The objective of the MAC Company is to make the company an expert in the industry dealing with cosmetics and also promote the image of MAC and lipstick sales. The LOVE YOUR LIPS† 2011 campaign was designed to increase MAC sales of lipstick, trigger customer involvement and MAC brand diversification. Measures for Evaluating Strategic Plan Sustainability It concerns itself with whether the organization objectives or strategies address the essential issues identified in the acknowledgement of the organization strategic position. To be precise, these needs an assessment of the extent to which the organization strategic option fits with the crucial drivers and the environment expected changes, strategic capabilities exploitation and its appropriateness in stakeholders content of influence and expectations. Tools such as TOWS matrix, strategic options ranking, scenarios and decision tree can be utilized to access sustainability (Thomas 1993, p.g3). Acceptability It deals with the strategy expected performance results. These can be categorized into three: Reactions from stakeholders, returns and risks. The benefits expecte d to be received by company’s stakeholders from the strategy are the returns. They can be computed by cost benefit analysis and financial analysis. Accessing of company risk is through the performing of financial ratios, sensitivity analysis reactions and shareholders’ value analysis. Feasibility Feasibility concerns itself with whether the firm has the needed competence and resources to adequately deliver a strategy. Numerous approaches can be used to acknowledge feasibility. They include resource deployment and financial feasibility among others. Schedule for implementing a strategy plan in an organization No. Action Start Finish 1 Developing a pro forma and guidance for strategic change initial screening for Impact Assessment 1 August 2012 7 September 2012 2 Issuing of report to the board of directors in order to outline the provided proposals and suggest way forward and also obtain the directors view with reference to the proposed strategy 8 September 2012 8 September 2012 3. Updating and briefing on the proposal agreed 5 October 2012 5 October 2012 4 Briefing sessions for regional managers and Head of service 14 October 2012 14 October 2012 5 Carrying out the implementation of the agreed project. Prioritization for all task specific functions, corporate, procedures and functions. 17 October 2012 4 January 2013 6 Benchmarking and reviewing of the actual and desired strategy implementation status 5 January 2013 13 January 2013 7 Strategy completion and implementation 30 January 2013 30 January 2013 8 Consultation 31 January 2012 2 February 2013 9. Monitoring and Reviewing 2 February 2013 28 February 2013 10 Annual Review I March 2013 15 March 2013 Monitoring and Evaluation systems for strategy plan implementation in an organization The above is of great significance when it comes to the identification of organization strategic goals and issues. The advantage of evaluation and monitoring is that, it ensures that an org anization strictly follows the strategic plan established directions. For MAC monitoring and evaluation, the six Henry Mintzberg’s monitoring and evaluation basics will be utilized. According to the model, the strategic plan monitoring and evaluation should strictly follow the below outlined six steps (Armstrong, 2002, p.123-126). Direct supervision: This is whereby a single individual coordinates all the activities via giving orders to other employees. He only plays a role when it is vital for a specific number of individuals need to work together. Standardization of work process: It comprises the direct programming of work content, putting in place the procedures that need to be followed. Standardization of outputs: Focuses on the results rather than what is not supposed to be done, there is predetermination between job interfaces. For instance, the manager of a region is tasked with ensuring that he achieves a 10% sales growth so that the company can meet overall target sa les. The standards often results from the company analysts. Standardization of Skills: Helps in achieving coordination in the company. In this step, it is the worker rather than the outputs or work that gains standardization. The organization teaches its workers are taught a wide range of knowledge and a couple of skills which are consequently applied to the organizations work. The standardization process occurs outside the organization environment. For instance, in a profession school of university prior to job allocation. Unlike the standardization of outputs, these skills do not emanate from the analyst. On the contrary, the operator internalizes them as inputs to the job a worker is in pursuit of. Standardization of norms: This is when the organization employees have a set of belief that is common and coordination of achievement is based on it. Mutual adjustment: Helps in work coordination by the informal process simple communication. Those individuals working can interact in or der to coordinate and achieve results. Paradoxically, mutual adjustment can be utilized in situations that are extremely complex. This is because; it is the only avenue that can be relied upon under circumstances that are extremely difficult. Conclusion The â€Å"LOVE YOUR LIPS† MAC campaign will greatly help in promoting the company lipstick sales. In addition to that, it will assist the company in involving customers in their activities and also in diversification of the MAC image. In comparison to its competitors, the company has numerous strengths and opportunities such as, brand recognition that is positive, customer loyalty, appealing packaging, trend setting, celebrity support and reasonable pricing among others. Recommendations The business strategic plan of MAC should boost online buying and selling for purposes of capturing market outside the United States of America. In addition to that, the company should consider supplying its brand to drug stores just like its c ompetitors. Furthermore, the company should follow the following seven steps in order to make it strategic planning process to be effective. The steps are such as, the developing or reviewing of the company mission and vision statement, analyzing the operation and business analysis (SWOT analysis), developing and selecting strategic options, establishing of strategic objectives, examining a company strategy execution plan, establishing resource allocation and execution of review. The following up of this seven steps will enable MAC Cosmetics that its various options are included as it forms a cycle that is complete for an existing or a new strategy planning initiatives. Bibliography Anonymous 2012, MAC Capaign. Web. Anonymous N.d, Balance Scorecard, Kaplan and Nortion’s organizational performance management tool. Web. Anonymous N.d, Ethics and social responsibility. Web. Anonymous 2012, Fragrance Wholesome, Some history and background on MAC. Web. Bates, G. 2006, MAC Cosmeti cs. Fast Company. Web. Hankin, H. 2005, The new workforce. Harvard Business Press, Harvard. Huselid, M. A. 2005, The workforce scorecard. Harvard Business Press, Harvard. Joines, H. D. 2009, MAC situation and SWOT Analysis. Web. Machalack, J. 2012, Company History MAC Cosmetics. Web. Scholz, C. 2008, Leadership Management in Europe, Journal of Personal and Information Management, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 248-248. Web. Thomas, L. 1992, Quick, successful team building. Web. Uzun, N. 2010, L’Oreal Presentaion. Web. Vasen, D. 2007, Discount Mac cosmetics. Love to Know-makeup. Web. This case study on MAC Cosmetic Strategic Plan was written and submitted by user Rey D. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

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This was the biggest revival of the time in USA.  [2]  Testimonies, diaries, articles were written by those involved and those who witnessed this great event. This was the beginning of what is called Pentecostalism today, the major driving engine of Christianity to its origins, the first century.  [3]  Although, most scholars have debated whether Pentecostalism had multiple almost simultaneous origins in different countries the same time it originated in North America, there is no doubt that that it is the strongest C hristianity today in the third world.  [4]  This essay aims to examine its origins and its main three chosen characteristics which are spiritual gifts, personal encounter with God and the power over demons and Satan. Definitions Allan Andersons explanation on Pentecostalism is that it is perceived as a movement of believers who affirm to the work of the Holy Spirit and the exercising of the spiritual gifts as evidenced through speaking in tongues with foundation grounded on the emphasis of the acknowledgement of salvation attained through Jesus Christ.  [5]  David Martin and Peter Mullen state that speaking in tongues consists in the utterance of unintelligible sounds, often in rapid sequences, by persons who seem to be in conditions of varying degrees of dissociation.  [6]  Pentecostal is linked with the doctrine of subsequence and initial evidence which originated from USA in the beginning of the twentieth century, referring to the experience of the baptism by the Holy Spirit.  [7]  Therefore, those devoted to this theology are called Pentecostals. However, a change happened during the 1960s, when some Christians within main-line denominations started to accept the Pentecostalism phenomena as part of the worship experience.  [8]  This new form of Pentecostalism became known as the Charismatic Movement. Charismatic describes any form or experience of Christianity that emphasises the charismata which means spiritual gifts (such as tongues, prophecy and discernment) listed in for example 1Corinthians 12, as well as a dynamic experience of being baptised or filled with the Holy Spirit.  [9]  A highly significant proportion of Christians and churches that have emphasis on this dynamic renewing experience and the operation of gifts of the Holy Spirit are called charismatics. The charismatic movements widely penetrated the traditional historical churches from the 1960s, Protestant and Catholic, Church of England (C of E), Methodist, Baptist or URC churches, or the Roman Catholic Church in what has been termed the charismatic r enewal.  [10]  Therefore Renewal describes the expression of this new form of spiritual life within these previously existing historic mainline churches or denominations. The difference between charismatics and Pentecostals is the aspect of the initial evidence like signs and wonders as well as the encountering of power which charismatics deny hence agreeing in the tongues. Whereas, Pentecostal denotes the identity maker of tongues as the evidence of the Holy Spirit baptism whilst the Charismatics denote the Holy Spirit gifts, the teachings of prosperity and spiritual warfare.  [11]   Consequently, the word Pentecostal shifted from just refereeing to a particular group of denominations to any denomination whose worship experience includes some sort of Pentecostal phenomenon such as speaking in tongues. Since the rise of the Charismatic movement, traditional Pentecostals are usually referred to as Classical Pentecostals. The term Classical Pentecostal refers to a person or organization which believes that the baptism in the Holy Spirit is a second work of grace subsequent to conversion, and that the initial physical evidence of this experience is speaking in other tongue that is the languages unknown to the speaker.  [12]   Origins During the centuries from the Early Churchs time about 1500 plus years to the 20th century there were Christians traditions which influenced the formation of Pentecostalism such as the Reformation tradition, specifically the Anabaptist and Arminians, the Holiness and Evangelical Movements.  [13]  The historical survey of the development of Classical Pentecostalism will cover the years from 1738; John Wesleys Aldersgate experience time when he emphasised the Holy Spirit in His teachings.  [14]   The advancement of Pentecostalism can be dated back to a January the 1st 1901, a charismatic revival at Bethel Bible School in Topeka, Kansas USA. As Charles Parham, a former Methodist ministers students had questions about the evidence of baptisms with the Holy Spirit after his Spirit baptism teaching, following the Book of Acts. There was an experience of this baptism following a fervent prayer with students resulting in the experience of speaking in tongues.  [15]  The enthusiasm of the students following Charles Parham teachings brought an amazing Pentecostal experience as of the Apostles in the Book of Acts. Cox stated that Pentecostalism rose among a group of people who were waiting for it.  [16]  Charles Parhams teachings opened the doors to what was later called Pentecostalism. Robert Gromacki called Charles Parham Father of the Pentecostal movement.  [17]   From Parhams bible school, the movement became the worldwide movement following the Azusa Street revival mentioned above. This was through a black African American preacher called William Joseph Seymour who was also a student at Parham School who longed for the Spirit baptism and witnessed the first experience of speaking in tongues. His meeting with Parham had a big impact in William Seymours belief about the Holy Spirit baptism.  [18]  He contributed to the spread of Pentecostalism; he did not just believe but took the message further. Cecil M. Robeck gives the brief background of the journey William Seymour took to promote what is today called Pentecostalism. In his account he mentioned that William Seymour was invited to Los Angeles to be in charge of one ministry. After preaching about the baptism of the Holy Spirit, he was denied the position to pastor that congregation. He ended up living with black friends Edward and Mattie Lee who sympathised with him where he conducted prayer meetings in their house. This was the beginning of the great movement as they started to pray together and later invited other people to join them. The number increased and they moved to a bigger house. It was in the house of Richard at Ruth Asberry on the 9th of April 1906 as they were studying the bible that they experienced the power of the Holy Spirit. In this meeting, an eight-year-old black boy began to speak in tongues and soon crowds were attracted to the house. After this experience the house could not accommodate the growing large numbers of people who were coming to join in prayers and worship. They had to move to Azusa Street, were the greatest revival took place. Then Azusa Street became the house for the world Pentecostal movement.  [19]  Therefore the Azusa story is exceptional when the roots of Pentecostalism are discussed. Cecil M. Robeck labelled the Azusa Street Revival in Los Angeles à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ the birth place of Pentecostal movement.  [20]  Harvey Cox acknowledging the root of Pentecostalisms origin to be understood with reference William Joseph Seymour.  [21]   From Azusa Street, Pentecostalism spread to the other parts of the world by members who experienced the Pentecostal revival and formed Pentecostal Churches.  [22]  Congregations spread around USA extending to Africa through missionaries that went preach this Pentecostal experience to other parts of the world By early 1907 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ entered Mexico, Canada, Western Europe, the Middle East, West Africa and several countries in Asia, spreading to Northern Russia, Southern Africa and Eastern and Central Europe. The Apostolic Faith Mission was the first Movement that Mr Seymour established consisting of different denominations with one agenda of Faith.  [23]  In 1914 was the first official statement of the Classical Pentecostal doctrine of the baptism in the Holy Spirit by the Assemblies of God in the United States. They are hundreds of Pentecostal denominations and fast growing over the last forty years, David Martin, sociologist who has done a lot of work on the estimates of Pentecostalism has reported it to be the largest global shift in the religious marketplace. He quoted a total number of Pentecostals and charismatics worldwide to at least a least a quarter of a billion by 2002.  [24]  This has expanded to the West reaching other countries such as India, China and Chile.  [25]   They are here main groups of Pentecostalism identified with their unique beliefs though some aspects might be similar. One of the group is identify by their belief in the work of the Holy Spirit, speaking, in tongues, baptism with the Holy Spirit, the works of grace, salvation and sanctification as continuous in their lives; the other group beliefs entire sanctification over and above some aspects of the above group, called then Wesleyan Holiness; last but not least excludes themselves in the belief of the Trinity aspect of God, called oneness Pentecostals.  [26]   Main characteristics Spiritual gifts The birth of the Pentecostal movement in the early twentieth century was evidenced by followers of Christ exhibiting the gifts of the Holy Spirit often referred to as the supernatural gifts. It got its roots from the Early Church with ecstatic phenomena gifts of the Holy Spirit.  [27]   The experiencing of the Holy Spirit baptism resulting in speaking in tongues in Topeka, Kansas sprang up the twentieth century Pentecostal Movement in 1901. Dayton asserts that the eighteen century American revivalism, Holiness Movement played a part in its origins.  [28]  Charles Parham believed there was more on the entire sanctifications, the teachings of the Wesleyans, in his views. Therefore he bestowed sanctification and charismatic power as both part of the second blessing. His views were more extreme than many in the Holiness Movement. The teachings on investigations for signs of sanctification led to questions if this was related to the baptism of the Holy Spirit. As the students were determined for the outward evidence signs of the baptism, speaking in tongues was the first sign of the spiritual gifts To have a good understanding of what is meant by spiritual gifts, I would consider two definitions which defines spiritual gifts as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦divinely given capacities to perform useful functions for God  [29]  Similarly Deffinbaugh defines spiritual gifts as the God-given capacity of every Christian to carry out his function in the body of Christ.  [30]  The se definitions adequately purvey the Pentecostalism understanding of Spiritual gifts. These spiritual gifts are believed to have originated at Pentecost as explained in the Book of Acts. Over the period of three years after the Azusa Street revival which sparkled the Pentecostal Movement, Seymour saw the restoration not just of speaking in tongues but all gifts of the Holy Spirit.  [31]  These are spiritual gifts listed in 1 Corinthians 12:7-11. These gifts can be; speaking in tongues, interpreting tongues, prophesying and healing power.  [32]  According to Luke; When the day of Pentecost had come, they were all together in one place. And suddenly from heaven there came a sound like the rush of a violent wind, and it filled the entire house where they were sitting. Divided tongues, as of fire, appeared among them, and a tongue rested on each of them. All of them were filled with the Holy Spirit and began to speak in other languages, as the Spirit gave them ability (Acts 2: 1-4 NRSV). This was a physical evidence of being baptised by the Holy Spirit as they converted and believed in Jesus Christ. Kenneth Boa describes the gift of tongues as the supernatural ability of a believer to speak in an unlearned language by the speaker enabled by the Lord.  [33]  This can be interpreted by someone who receives the gift of interpretation of tongues. This is interpretation into the language of the body in which the message is delivered not a strict translation, but an interpretation of the essential content of the tongues message.  [34]  Critiques of tongues Thomas Aquinas believed to have been of the Apostles only in the early church to enable them to reach all nations as commissioned but presently it as to be done through language study.  [35]  There are also those with the gift of healing gifted to heal the sick. The variety of the gifts can be divided into different sickness, for example some specific gifts are to heal cancer or emotions, mental illness and many more sicknesses.  [36]   Personal encounter with God Access to God matters most to Pentecostals, life controlled by the Holy Spirit. They stress effectiveness the experience of God. What matters most is the felt power of the Spirit in the world, in the church, and in ones own life. Their faith is experiential, living faith in the living God who can miraculously, substantially intervene in the world.  [37]  For Pentecostals, from history they understood the as direct and immediate and self-authenticating.  [38]  This is explained in simple terms that Pentecostals understanding of the baptism of the spirit grants the authority by virtue of the individual experience of this powerful encounter with God. Therefore, their belief is that though the Holy Spirit they have a personal encounter the authentic and legitimate experience of God. Power over demons and Satan Pentecostals stress the empowerment and the felt power of the Holy Spirit in the world. Their focus and faith is in God who miraculously substantially intervenes in the world. For example, Martin discusses how Pentecostalism unites its belief with the social inspiration and the experience of the Spirit.  [39]  That is the understanding of the power of the Holy Spirit over any social powers that could be powers of darkness. In short, it is a consideration of two different factors, external (demonic forces) and internal factors (Holy Spirit). These make Pentecostals feel part of the community, as they distinguishes the God and Satan, devil and divine, sickness and health. They believe they have power over demons, through the Holy Spirit, that they can obtain through prayer. That is power over sin, spiritual blindness, social oppression, and Sickness. They refer this as their spiritual weapons. One of the most factors which contributed to the Growth of Pentecostalism is their belief in deliverance from evil spirits. Anderson, for example, points out that the main attraction of Pentecostalism à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ is still the emphasis on healing and deliverance from evil.  [40]   Their Theology extends to the apocalyptic belief of the coming of the Kingdom which includes the element of the final victory over Satan and death, which is a spiritual warfare.  [41]  The term spiritual warfare is referred to evil spiritual forces such as demons including Satan as mythological realities. Thus, the baptism of the Spirit enables the believers to conquer the spiritual battle and overcome the enemy. As Apostle Paul states, we live as human beings, but we do not wage war according to human standards; for the weapons of our warfare are not merely human, but they have divine power to destroy strongholdsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (2 Corinthians 10: 3-4 NRSV). This is the belief that the Pentecostals have dependence on the Holy Spirit for power to enable them to fight the devil and any principalities of darkness. That is demonic attacks and possessions, physical and emotional sickness, evil spirits and so on. These claims are biblically based as Pentecostal believes in the true Word of God. Martin and Mullen clarified that for Pentecostal the supreme authority is the Bible, the inspired, infallible and inerrant Word of God to which all else must be subject.  [42]  Just to mention few examples of bible passages to support these claim of their belief; 1 John 3:8 which states that the Son of God was revealed for this purpose, to destroy the works of the devil (NRSV), He has rescued us from the power of darkness and transferred us into the kingdom of his beloved Son (Colossians 1:13 NRSV) and Jesus  summoned his twelve disciples and gave them authority over unclean spirits, to cast them out, and to cure every disease and every sickness (Matthew 10:1 NRSV) and many more. Therefore Pentecostals take the word of God seriously and base their belief on what it says. Conclusion In conclusion, the essay has examined the origins of Pentecostalism. It has looked at its roots from early church, through the Holiness movements with the teachings of doctrine of sanctification. The teaching about the Holy Spirit and the actual experiencing of its baptism contributed to how Pentecostalism spread to other places. It has also touched on the explanation of charismatic its difference with Pentecostalism. Last but not least, three characteristics of Pentecostalism have been discussed though this is not the exhaustive least, however due to the limitation of the essay, only three were discussed. We have discovered with reaches that Pentecostalism is a growing movement. It has contributed to the inclining of Christianity as it was declining in many parts of the world. Their emphasis being the baptism by the Holy Spirit and spiritual gifts that can be received to believers by Gods will.

Edgar Allen Poe Essay -- essays papers

Edgar Allen Poe Edgar Allen Poe: A Brilliant Writer Edgar Allen Poe was one of the most brilliant writers of the nineteenth century. His short stories and poems consist of horror, mortality, romantic struggle, and psychological concept. Poe’s tales labeled him as a master in his study of instability of self-control, the restrain of emotion, and access of feeling. His literary works were based on his personal background; therefore, many have similar characteristics. Poe was a manic depressant, and frequently wrote while under the influence of morphine and alcohol. Poe gives an example of his influenced writing in the story Ligeia. The story portrays Ligeia and her husband as opium addicts (Bonaparte, 236). Perhaps his abnormal behavior could explain why he used such great detail in form of writing. In most of Poe’s short stories the point of view is first person and often the narrator is nameless. Each narrator is unique, some are sane, others are unclear, and several approach a fine line that separates sanity from insanity (Rose). For example, the narration in The Black Cat is spoken through confusion and influenced by alcohol, yet The Fall House of Usher is told through the mind of a paranoid schizophrenic. Both stories are by nameless narrators. His focused on death in many of his short stories and poems. Poe’s theory of death and dying are more detailed than anything else. From the start to finish of his career he was casual to stop any action, which could be remaining over the grave, the shadowing of the moon, and the emblems of mortality and massacre (Davidson, 114). Often Poe wrote on how one’s death can effect someone’s emotions and mental stability. His ... ...ain his stability during his death sentence (Davidson, 134). Poe’s unique writing style is what makes him such a well-known literary author. His personal life is what made his writings so interesting and gruesomely detailed. He never hesitates to use psychoanalysis to describe his point of view. His passionate writing is what marks Edgar Allen Poe as a brilliant 19th century author. Bibliography: Bonaparte, Marie. Life and Works of Edgar Allen Poe. New York: Humanities Press, 1971 Davidson, Edward. Poe a Critical Study. Massachusetts : The Belknap Press, 1970 Grafx, Gibson. â€Å"Easylit Poe†. 1 Feb. 1997. . Rose, Elizabeth. â€Å"Poe’s Perceptions†. 1 Sept. 2000. . Werlock, Abby. The Facts on File: Companion to the American Short Story. New York: Facts on File, 2000

Multicultural Communication

In this clip, the ISRC (International Committee of the Red Cross discuss how the Red Cross performs humanitarian aid within the political climate and upheaval of the modern world. Members of the board include someone from Great Britain, Switzerland, France, and Belgium. The discussion between persons from different countries and cultures is a fascinating watch to see how influence, negotiation, and immunization takes place at the highest levels.Liking They all communicate very formally, sometimes clumsily, in English. Several elements of influence are demonstrated. At the conclusion of her opening remarks, Bea Ivanhoe, Director of the ISRC Visitor Service Center, refers to Peter Manure as ‘his Excellency'. This is not common language, but in a formal, eastern European setting, this provides Mr.. Manure a form of Authority. When one leader refers to another in this manner, it makes clear to the audience that Mr.. Manure likes the presenter, and his credibility can easily transfe r in the audiences mind..Liking is defined as a principle â€Å"that holds that people are more likely to be influenced by those whom they like or with whom they have similarities† (Localhost & Burton, 2010). When introducing Mr.. Manure, Ms. Ivanhoe actually nods her head in subjection as well. Social Proof Alexander Basel begins his speech in his native French when speaking to his immediate superiors. However, when opening remarks begin to be addressed to the general audience, he transfers to English. This is a way of demonstrating social proof hat he is well respected by his compatriots, and therefore should be respected by other on the panel and in the audience.Social proof is defined as a â€Å"principle of influence that states people are more likely to want to do something if they believe that many others are doing the same thing or buying the same product† (Localhost & Burton, 2010). Reciprocation When the panel begins its discussion, Mr.. Manure discusses how Professor Musses Capita mentioned that the ISRC is successful because it runs away from politics. Mr.. Manure compliments Professor Capita on his expertise, then disagrees to say that the ISRC works within the confines of the political landscape, but does not run from it.This compliment then disagree is all done without emotion, and done in the same way that DRP. Capita speaks, this is a form of reciprocation. As defined, reciprocation is a â€Å"principle of influence that states people are more likely to say yes too request when the requester has done something for that person in the past† (Localhost & Burton, 2010). Non-verbal Communication & Conformity Antonio Gestures (Portugal) begins his discussion with much more facial expressions ND hand gestures than the remainder of the board.When asked questions, he uses his body language to appear humble in his responses and positions. This non-verbal communication gives an appearance of conformity, and shows he is not one to reb el against the group.

French Words Starting With G, H, I and J

French Words Starting With G, H, I and J Improve your French vocabulary by studying common words in the language starting with letters G, H, I and  J. Listen to the pronunciation of these words and practice using them in context. French Words That Start With G G the letter G French alphabet gab Gabriel Gabriel French names Gabrielle Gabrielle French names gà ¢cher to waste, spoil, botch; to temper, mix MdJ - G une gaffe blunder, clanger/foot in the mouth MdJ - G gager to bet, wager; to guarantee (a loan) MdJ - G un gagne-pain (inf) - job MdJ - G gagner galaxie une galà ¨re galley (of a ship) MdJ - G gamin (adj) - mischievous, playful, childish MdJ - G un gamin (inf) - kid, urchin MdJ - G une gamme range, variety, line (of products), (music) scale MdJ - G des gants (m) gloves Accessories une garderie day-care center, preschool; after-school center/club MdJ - G la gare train station Transportation la gare d'autobus bus station Transportation la gare de mà ©tro subway station Transportation le gaspi (inf) - waste Apocopes gaspiller to waste, squander MdJ - G Gaston French names le gà ¢teau cake Dessert gà ¢ter to spoil, damage, ruin MdJ - G gaver to forcefeed; to fill up, cram MdJ - G le gaz (natural) gas, fizz, wind MdJ - G gazer (inf) - to go, feel, work MdJ - G gazouiller to chirp, to babble MdJ - G gele geler to freeze (literally and figuratively) MdJ - G gà ©mir to moan, bemoan, groan; to creak MdJ - G gencive gà ªner to bother, to hamper (literally and fig) MdJ - G Genevià ¨ve French names gà ©nial (adj) - of genius, inspired; (inf) - great, cool MdJ - G le genou knee Body gentil (adj) - kind, nice, good MdJ - G Georges George French names un gà ©rant manager Professions Gà ©rard Gerald French names gercer to chap, crack MdJ - G gà ©rer to manage, administer MdJ - G une gifle slap, smack MdJ - G Gilbert Gilbert French names Gilles Giles French names giratoire (adj) - gyrating, circular movement MdJ - G un gà ®te shelter, tourist cottage MdJ - G givrà © (adj) - frosted, covered in frost; (inf) - drunk; crazy MdJ - G la glace ice cream, mirror Dessert, Furniture un glaà §on ice cube; block of ice MdJ - G gnon dent, bump, blow MdJ - G gober to swallow whole, (inf) to swallow hook, line, and sinker MdJ - G godiche (informal adj) silly, awkward, lumpish, oafish MdJ - G une gomme eraser School gonfler to inflate, swell; (fam) - to get on one's nerves MdJ - G un/e gosse (inf) - kid MdJ - G se gourer (fam) - to goof, boob, screw up MdJ - G le goà »ter snack Food une goutte drop, gout, (inf) brandy MdJ - G un grain bean, seed, grain, cereal MdJ - G grand (adj) - tall Descriptions un grand magasin department store Shopping une grand-mà ¨re grandmother Family un grand-pà ¨re grandfather Family le gratte-ciel (invariable) - skyscraper MdJ - G gratter to scratch, to make itch, to earn a bit of money MdJ - G le grà © liking, desire MdJ - G la greffe transplant, graft MdJ - G Grà ©goire Gregory French names le grenier attic Home une griffe claw; manufacturer's label, signature stamp MdJ - G grignoter to nibble, gnaw at; to eat away at MdJ - G un gril steak/grill pan MdJ - G grimper to climb, clamber MdJ - G la grippe flu, influenza MdJ - G gris grey Colors grog grogner grumble, grunt, moan MdJ - G grognon (adj) - grumpy, gruff MdJ - G gros (adj) - fat Descriptions un groupuscule (pej) - small political group MdJ - G une grue crane (machinery and bird) MdJ - G guetter to watch, watch out for, lie in wait for; to be at risk of MdJ - G un guichet automatique de banque (GAB) ATM / cash dispenser MdJ - G un guidon handlebars MdJ - G Guillaume William French names un guillemet quotation mark, inverted comma Punctuation Gustave French names Guy Bill French names French Words That Start With H H the letter H French alphabet une habitude habit MdJ - H hà ¢ler to get some sun (can mean to tan or to burn) MdJ - H haletant (adj) panting, breathless; suspenseful MdJ - H hardg hardx un haricot bean Vegetables un hasard coincidence, chance, fate, luck MdJ - H hausser to raise MdJ - H haut hautement highly, very Trà ¨s synonyms Hà ©là ¨ne Helen, Ellen French names hemorroides Henri Henry French names Henriette Henrietta French names l'heure (f) hour, time Telling time heureux (adj) - happy Mood Hexagone (m) Metropolitan France MdJ - H l'hindi Hindi Lang + Nat hisser to hoist, heave, haul up MdJ - H hiver winter Calendar le hockey hockey Hobbies hol (interj) - hello! hang on! MdJ - H un homme a man Liaisons les hommes arrivent the men arrive Optional liaisons Honorà © (honored) French names un hà ´pital hospital Directions hoqueter to hiccup, hiccough MdJ - H un horaire timetable, schedule, hourly employee MdJ - H une horreur horror, awfulness; loathing MdJ - H horripilant (adj) - exasperating, trying MdJ - H hors de service les hors d'oeuvre (m) appetizers Food hors service out of order Travel Hortense French names un hà ´tel hotel Accommodations hotess de l'air houleux (adj) - stormy, turbulent, tumultuous MdJ - H Hugues Hugo French names huit 8 Numbers humide (adj) - humid Weather hydratante hyper (inf) really, mega Trà ¨s synonyms hypertension hypotension French Words That Start With I I the letter I French alphabet ici idà ©e il he, it Subject pronouns Il est It is Dates Il est deux heures. It's two o'clock. Telling time Il est heureux He is happy. Optional liaisons Il est ici He is here. Optional liaisons Il est idiot He's an idiot. Optional liaisons Il est une heure. It's one o'clock. Telling time Il fait .... It is... Weather Il gà ¨le It's freezing Weather illustre (adj) - illustrious, renowned MdJ - I Il neige It's snowing Weather un à ®lotier community policeman MdJ - I Il pleut It's raining Weather Il pleut verse It's pouring Weather ils they Subject pronouns Il s'appelle .... His name is... Introductions Ils arriveront They will arrive at Optional liaisons Ils ont Ils ont eu They had Optional liaisons imbiber to soak, saturate MdJ - I imbu (adj) - pompous, full of oneself MdJ - I immediatement immigration impatient (adj) - impatient Personality impec (inf adj) - great! terrific! Apocopes un imper (inf) - raincoat, mac Apocopes un impermà ©able raincoat Clothing implanter to introduce, settle, establish MdJ - I Impossible ! Impossible! Accent affectif imprà ©gner to soak, permeate, fill, pervade MdJ - I une imprimante printer Office impuissant (adj) powerless, helpless, impotent MdJ - I imputer to attribute/ascribe to; to charge to MdJ - I incontournable inescapable, inevitable, indispensable MdJ - I incroyable indà © indy, independent (music, film, etc) MdJ - I un index index finger, forefinger; index MdJ - I Indien (ne) Indian Lang + Nat indignà © (adj) - unworthy, not worthy MdJ - I inà ©dit (adj) - unpublished; novel, new, original MdJ - I Inà ¨s Inez French names infectà © infiniment infinitely, immensely Trà ¨ssynonyms un infirmier, une infirmià ¨re nurse Professions une information a piece of information MdJ - I information touristique tourist information Travel l'informatique (fem) - computer science MdJ - I un ingà ©nieur engineer Professions inhalateur inondation inopinà © (adj) - unexpected MdJ - I inouà ¯ (adj) - unprecendented, unheard of; extraordinary, incredible MdJ - I inquiet (adj) - worried Mood insister to stress, be insistent, emphasize MdJ - I insomniaque installer to set up, put in, fit out, get settled MdJ - I l'instar de following the example of MdJ - I intelligent (adj) - smart Personality interdit (adj) - banned, forbidden, prohibited; dumbfounded, disconcerted MdJ - I intà ©ressant (adj) - interesting, attractive, worthwhile MdJ - I interet interpeller to call out to; to question; be of concern to, appeal to MdJ - I un intitulà © account holder's name; headings, chapter titles MdJ - I introductions invraisemblable (adj) unlikely, improbable, implausible, unimaginable MdJ - I iode l'irlandais Gaelic (language) Lang + Nat Irlandais(e) Irish (person) Lang + Nat Isaac Isaac French names Isabelle Isabel French names une issue exit, solution MdJ - I Italien(ne), l'italien Italian Lang + Nat itou (informal and old-fashioned) - too, likewise MdJ - I French Words That Start With J J the letter J French alphabet Jacqueline Jacqueline French names Jacques James French names Jacquot Jimmy French names J'ai besoin de jaillir spurt out, gush forth, spring out MdJ - J j'aimerais J'ai oublie J'ai un problà ¨me I have a problem Basic vocab J'ai une question I have a question Basic vocab jalonner to mark (fig); to line, stretch along MdJ - J la jambe leg Body le jambon ham Meat janvier January Calendar Japonais(e), le japonais Japanese Lang + Nat le jardin yard, garden Home le jardinage gardening Hobbies jaune yellow Colors je I Subject pronouns un jean jeans Clothing Jean John French names Jeanne Joan, Jean, Jane French names Jeannine Janine French names Jeannot Johnny French names Je m'appelle .... My name is... Introductions Je ne comprends pas I don't understand. Basic vocab Je ne peux pas manger.... I can't eat... Restaurant Je ne peux pas trouver .... I can't find.... Travel Je ne sais pas I don't know Basic vocab Je parle (un peu de) franà §ais I speak (a little) French. Basic vocab Je prends .... I'm having... Restaurant Jà ©rà ´me Jerome French names Je suis ... I am... Restaurant Je suis allà © I went Optional liaisons Je suis dà ©solà ©(e) I'm sorry Politeness Je suis perdu. I'm lost. Travel Je t'adore I adore you Love language Je t'aime (aussi) I love you (too) Love language Je te prà ©sente .... I'd like to introduce... Introductions je t'en prie it was my pleasure Politeness un jeton token; (in a game) - counter, chip; (fam) - bang, dent MdJ - J le jeu play, game MdJ - J jeudi Thursday Calendar Je vais bien I'm fine Greetings Je vais prendre .... I'm going to have... Restaurant Je voudrais .... I would like... Restaurant Je voudrais parler .... I'd like to speak to.... On the phone Je vous en prie It was my pleasure Politeness Je vous le passe. I'm transferring your call. On the phone Je vous prà ©sente .... I'd like to introduce... Introductions le jogging jogging Hobbies joli (adj) - good-looking Descriptions joliment (inf) really Trà ¨s synonyms jonchà © (adj) - littered, strewn with MdJ - J Joseph Joseph French names Josà ©phine Josephine French names Josette French names joual informal dialect of French spoken in Quà ©bec MdJ - J la joue cheek Body jouir de to enjoy; (slang) - to orgasm MdJ - J des joujoux toys Baby talk jour les jours de la semaine days of the week Calendar joyeux noel jucher to perch MdJ - J juillet July Calendar juin June Calendar Jules Julius French names Julie Julie French names Julien Julian French names Juliette Juliet French names une jupe skirt Women's clothing jupiter un jupon half slip Women's clothing jure le jus juice Drinks justement (adv) - exactly, rightly, just, in fact MdJ - J

Ideal State Essay Example

Ideal State Essay Example Ideal State Paper Ideal State Paper Eren ErkanFinal Draft 20801260 IR Phil 243/ 15 Tugce Ar? kan Essay Question: Explain Plato’s ideal state by referring to the Republic, book IV and VII. To what extent do you agree with Plato’s idea that the kings should be philosophers? Why? Why not? Concept of create an ideal state really need to long effort and time. This concept and long standing debate that how should be an ideal state is explains in Plato’s Republic book IV and VII. In Republic, Plato explains the features of an ideal state and he claims that the kings should be philosophers. He thinks to govern a state and make social harmony properly philosophers should govern the state. At this point, I will try to clarify Plato’s ideal state and why kings should be philosophers and why they are the only ones to spread justice wisdom. Main aim of ideal state should be to create a state which everybody is happy and equal. According to Plato, ‘’in establishing their city, they don’t aiming to make any one group outstandingly happy but to make the whole city so, as far as possible. They thought that we’d find justice most easily in such a city and injustice. ’(Plato, Republic, 420b) In that part Plato explains the state a big piece and he thinks there should be no differences in this piece, because if there is an unhappy or privileged groups that affects all state harmony. Then while he explains that idea Plato says everybody must do their own jobs. He means everybody should do their own duties. Plato gives an example that shows w hy all people should make their duties: ‘’ to be creating the happy city not picking out a few happy people and putting them in it, but making whole city happy. You must look to see whether by dealing with each part appropriately, we are making the whole part beautiful. Similarly, you mustn’t force us to give our guardians. We know how to clothe the farmers in purple robes, festoon them with gold jewelry, and tell them to work the land whenever they please. ’’(Plato, Republic, 420e) This quotation explains how to create social order because everybody should their own job properly. Thus, no one obstruct other ones duties and excellent social harmony and justice will be provided. As for what is necessary to create an ideal state, for Plato’s ideal state all part of society should work better. Society should be divided in to three classes namely the philosophers, the guardians and the producers. This exact division of society, needless to say, is basic foundation of the concept division of labor and in both system, to function in a healthy way, everyone should does his or her own duty. These three classes have different duties and different symbolic implications. Philosophers constitute higher class and they are law maker. Their duty is administrate the state by their knowledge. The guardians are warrior and protector of city, and they constitute middle class. Third class is producers; they are consisting of farmer and artisans. Their function is provide societies basic needs(Plato, Republic, 421b- 433a). Plato’s ideal state is that 3 classes of people made the harmony. I mean, when these classes worked like a machine, state will have peace. However, to protect these harmony Plato suggest that ‘’ city gets a good start; it will go on growing in a cycle. Good education and upbringing, when they are preserved, produce good natures, and useful natures who are turn well educated, grow up even better than their predecessors, both in their offspring and in other respect, just like other animals. ’ (Plato, Republic, 424b) He actually claims that, to protect these 3 classes harmony, we should have well educated people. If we teach and convince people to protect their status, we can reach excellent social system. In addition, according Plato, to being an ideal state, before individual should be just person, because he bel ieves to manage a state well, people should be wisdom, courage, and moderate but apart from these people should be just. In ‘’Republic’’, Plato explains his idea that way ‘’ it is necessarily follows that the individual is wise in the same way and in the same part of himself as the city. Isn’t individual courageous in the same way and in the same part of himself as the city? Moreover, he supposes that a man is just in the same way as a city. He also remembers that each one of us in whom each part is doing its own work will himself be just and do his own. ’’ (Plato, Republic, 441c) He means they are able to achieve found an ideal state if each one do its own work justly. Plato somehow considers society as a human body and he specifies each class as an organ, philosophers symbolize the brain, guardians are heart and producers symbolize the down of the body. To keep this body healthy, each part should make their duties. Therefore, justice and injustice compared with health and illness. According to Plato, ‘’ just and unjust actions are no different for the soul than healthy and unhealthy things are for the body. Healthy things produce health, unhealthy ones disease. Produce justice establish the parts of the soul in a natural relation of control, one by another. ’’(Plato, Republic, 444c) Thus, in ideal state every person should be just because, for staying healthy our city needs to just people. Thanks to just people state will become ‘’ideal’’. In ideal state, Plato has an idea that philosophers should be king because he thinks only philosophers are just and wise. In Republic book VII, wisdom and being just is explains with a metaphor that called ‘allegory of cave’. This metaphor is meant to illustrate the effects of education on the human soul. Education moves the philosopher through the stages on the divided line, and ultimately brings him to the Form of the Good. In this allegory ‘’ the effect of education and of the lack of it on our nature to an experience like human beings living in an underground, cave like dwelling which is both open to light and as wide as the cave itself. They have been there since childhood, fixed in the same place, with their necks and legs fettered’’ (Plato, Republic, 514a) It is explains that differences between wise and others because wisdom means seeing truth directly and it is not possible behind the shadows. As I am said before wisdom and justice are related concepts. To acknowledge as a wise person, s/he should be just personality. According to Plato ‘’ education isn’t what some people declare it to be, namely, putting knowledge into souls that lack it, like putting sight into blind eyes. The power to learn is present in everyone’s soul and that the instrument with which each learns is like an eye that cannot be turned around from darkness to light without turning the whole body. ’’ (Plato, Republic, 518c) this example shows that each soul has power to learn, but ducation cannot close the gap that wisdom and justice produced. Therefore, I agree with Plato’s idea that philosophers should be king because in this way state will ruled by just and wise person. In conclusion, main aim of Plato’s ideal state is create a city which everybody is happy and equal. To provide this aim Plato specifies different roles for different classes and he thinks justice is the harmony between classes namely everyon e does his or her own job, which is a necessity for society and for people to live in an appropriate way. Only by this way the society could function like a human body but the most important part the body is govern by ‘wise’ and ‘just’ people. Additionally, I think the idea of Plato that philosophers should be king is really reasonable because they are the only people who can govern the ideal state properly. They are wise than other people and they have ability to govern. Therefore, in order to have an ideal state, social harmony must be provide and philosophers should be king. Word Count: 1403

Atomic Spectra Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Atomic Spectra - Lab Report Example Each element have different energy level orbital, due to which, electron movement from one orbital to another is different for each element. As the wavelength of emitted radiations depends on the difference between the energy level of these orbital and so the line spectra, that’s why different elements have different line spectra. Yes, the element will emit the same line spectrum if a different excitation source is used. The energy orbital (in which the electron revolve) are fixed in an element. The electron at lower energy orbit will take some specific amount of energy (irrespective of, it is coming from electricity or flame) and go to some higher orbit. And on return will emit the same energy in the form of photon of particular wavelength. When the light is passed through an element, the element absorbs certain wavelengths while the rest of the wavelength pass through it. This spectrum is called absorption spectrum. The absorb wavelength appear as bright while the background is bright. No, there is no ambiguity in determining the identity of the unknown as there are very less chance (negligible) that spectral lines of any two compounds match. The contamination of dust particles over the unknown is the most problematic error that can occur. Octadecene is a hazard chemical. Its vapor should not be inhaled, and contact with skin and eyes should be avoided. Trioctylphosphine is a corrosive chemical and it causes burns. Oleic acid is a very light and heat sensitive. It is irritating to eyes, the respiratory system, and the skin. The safety precautions that should be taken are Wearing gloves and eye protection. Working should be done in fume hood environment and care should be taken in handling reagents. The disposal of waste should be proper. 2. (1 pt.) Your group should be ready to add the selenium solution to the cadmium solution as soon as the temperature reaches 225ââ€" ¦ C. What experimental difficulties arise of the cadmium heats

Communication and CSR ethics Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Communication and CSR ethics - Thesis Example This paper shall discuss how businesses can effectively launch their CSR campaigns with effective communication, encourage their consumers to participate in their socially responsible initiatives while maintaining or even improving their profitability and stability as a business. For its case study, it will examine communication strategies of Kenneth Cole Productions, a footwear, apparel, and accessories company, of its CSR initiative called â€Å"Awearness†. Successful businesses have been known to harness goodwill and share their good fortune with those who they deem need their help the most. This practice earns them respect, admiration and a good reputation among their stakeholders. It is also known as Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). Hopkins (2007) defines it as a business practice of companies which aim to adopt socially and environmentally responsible behaviours as a way for their business to contribute to society in a socially relevant manner. Not to be known as purely profit-seeking entities, socially responsible organizations manifest awareness and accountability in the societal and environmental effects that their business may cause (Lantos, 2001). Hence, they embrace responsible business practices and strategies in promoting better living standards for their employees and their targeted beneficiaries while still maintaining their profitability as a business (Hopkins, 2007). In implementing CSR strategies, it is essential that companies are clear in communicating their objectives to the public so that they may not be misconstrued in their intentions. It is common for people to raise suspicions in the sudden goodwill of corporations who are doing so well in terms of profit, that they may have hidden agendas to further promote their image and attract more business. Koehn & Ueng (2010) explain that some companies are criticized for masking shady financial dealings by buying the public’s good will in order to counter the damage